Featured Post
January 21, 2021
The United States has one of the highest rates of low birthweight (LBW) among OECD countries, with significant disparities by race and ethnicity. We know that maternal “resilience”—protective factors that buffer the health effects of stress and adversity—may be associated with lower LBW rates, but the relationship among maternal resilience, race/ethnicity, and LBW is not clear. Identifying resilience and LBW patterns by race/ethnicity is important to target prevention efforts.
Life expectancy has been in the news lately. Over the summer, The New York Times summarized a new report from the CDC analyzing racial difference in life expectancy between U.S blacks and whites; last month, the OECD released comparative data between the U.S. and OECD countries. The U.S., which now ranks 51st in the world in life expectancy, was about at par with other OECD countries in the early 1990s, especially for females, but the other countries have created a big gap since.
The data tells us the relative contribution of certain demographics to the life expectancy gap, but don’t tell us why. And a recent Institute of Medicine report noted that the disparities in life expectancy within the U.S. are even larger than the cross-national differences, and may help explain why the U.S. compares so unfavorably with peer nations.
"How'm I doin?" Ed Koch, longtime mayor of New York City, would ask his constituency. "Am I doin’ all right?" Koch understood the importance of taking stock, assessing progress, and changing directions if need be.
The need for increasing the ethnic and racial diversity of our health services research workforce is unquestioned. A 2007 study documented a lack of diversity among health services researchers, a particularly important issue given the increasing diversity of the population. Many initiatives sprung up, including LDI’s Summer Undergraduate Minority Research (SUMR) program
The recent debate about the ethics of a health system’s decision to refuse to hire new workers who smoke was understandably couched in the framework of ethics. But hiring a worker—buying labor—is an economic transaction that occurs in a market, and so it may be useful to discuss the economic framework as well.
The very narrow framework presented was of a firm (a hospital, in this case) hiring a given number of workers in a labor market where more workers are willing to work at the wage-benefit package it offers than it needs to hire. Thus the ethical issue is framed as whether it is fair to “give” one of the jobs in short supply to a non-smoker rather than a smoker. But wages and demand for labor are determined in markets, both for labor and for products or services. Considering these market level effects, I argue that that some of the framing of the ethical problem is factually dubious and that the conclusions about fairness may need to be modified.
Dan Polsky, PhD, MPP
Professor, Health Care Management and Medicine
A new National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) working paper by Afendulis, Chernew, and Kessler says yes. If this working paper holds up to peer review, these findings will offer an important endorsement of the Medicare Advantage program. The paper attributes large and striking reductions in all hospitalizations (22%), hospitalizations for ambulatory sensitive conditions (18%), and mortality (15%) to Medicare Advantage as illustrated in the graph below. The authors argue that their results provide evidence that private Medicare Advantage plans are more efficient than traditional Medicare. But, I will provide an alternative explanation and an important caution after reviewing their approach.
What is clever about the paper is that they have devised an analytical method that successfully avoids the criticism that better outcomes among Medicare Advantage beneficiaries could be attributed to healthier enrollees.
In March, the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) Foundation released the second wave of its groundbreaking campaign to identify and reduce low-value care, that is, common tests and procedures that are frequently overused or misused. This campaign, "Choosing Wisely," challenged medical professional societies to come up with the "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question." All told, 26 medical specialty societies have identified more than 130 tests and procedures; another 14 societies will release their lists later this year.
The participation of so many specialty groups is virtually unprecedented in its scope and unanimity. The ABIM Foundation has also partnered with Consumer Reports to develop companion materials for patients and the public. The goal is to encourage "physicians, patients and other health care stakeholders to think and talk about medical tests and procedures that may be unnecessary, and in some instances can cause harm."